sql-92.bnf

BNF Grammar for ISO/IEC 9075:1992 - Database Language SQL (SQL-92)
==================================================================

@(#)$Id: sql-92.bnf,v 2.5 2017/01/17 01:05:03 jleffler Exp $

--p
Using Appendix G of "Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide" by J
Melton and A R Simon (Morgan Kaufmann, 1993, ISBN 0-55860-245-3) as the
source of the syntax, here is (most of) the BNF syntax for SQL-92.  The
missing parts are the Cobol, Fortran, MUMPS, Pascal and PL/I variable
definition rules.
--/p

--p
The plain text version of this grammar is
--## <a href='sql-92.bnf'> sql-92.bnf </a>.
--/p

--hr
--h2 Key SQL Statements and Fragments
--/h2
--bl
--li ALLOCATE CURSOR <allocate cursor statement>
--li ALTER DOMAIN <alter domain statement>
--li ALTER TABLE <alter table statement>
--li CLOSE cursor <close statement> <dynamic close statement>
--li Column definition <column definition>
--li COMMIT WORK <commit statement>
--li CONNECT <connect statement>
--li CREATE ASSERTION <assertion definition>
--li CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set definition>
--li CREATE COLLATION <collation definition>
--li CREATE DOMAIN <domain definition>
--li CREATE SCHEMA <schema definition>
--li CREATE TABLE <table definition>
--li CREATE TRANSLATION <translation definition>
--li CREATE VIEW <view definition>
--li Data type <data type>
--li DEALLOCATE PREPARE <deallocate prepared statement>
--li DECLARE cursor <declare cursor> <dynamic declare cursor>
--li DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <temporary table declaration>
--li DELETE <delete statement: positioned> <delete statement: searched> <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
--li DESCRIBE <describe statement>
--li DESCRIPTOR statements <system descriptor statement>
--li DISCONNECT <disconnect statement>
--li EXECUTE <execute statement>
--li EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <execute immediate statement>
--li FETCH cursor <fetch statement> <dynamic fetch statement>
--li GET DIAGNOSTICS <get diagnostics statement>
--li GRANT <grant statement>
--li INSERT <insert statement>
--li Literal <literal>
--li MODULE <module>
--li OPEN cursor <open statement> <dynamic open statement>
--li PREPARE <prepare statement>
--li Preparable statement <preparable statement>
--li REVOKE <revoke statement>
--li ROLLBACK WORK <rollback statement>
--li Search condition <search condition>
--li SELECT <query specification>
--li SET CATALOG <set catalog statement>
--li SET CONNECTION <set connection statement>
--li SET CONSTRAINTS <set constraints mode statement>
--li SET NAMES <set names statement>
--li SET SCHEMA <set schema statement>
--li SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION <set session authorization identifier statement>
--li SET TIME ZONE <set local time zone statement>
--li SET TRANSACTION <set transaction statement>
--li UPDATE <update statement: positioned> <update statement: searched> <dynamic update statement: positioned>
--li Value expression <value expression>
--/bl
--hr

--h2 Basic Definitions of Characters Used, Tokens, Symbols, Etc.
--/h2

<SQL terminal character> ::=
		<SQL language character>
	|	<SQL embedded language character>

<SQL language character> ::=
		<simple Latin letter>
	|	<digit>
	|	<SQL special character>

<simple Latin letter> ::=
		<simple Latin upper case letter>
	|	<simple Latin lower case letter>

<simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
	A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

<simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
	a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

<digit> ::=
	0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

<SQL special character> ::=
		<space>
	|	<double quote>
	|	<percent>
	|	<ampersand>
	|	<quote>
	|	<left paren>
	|	<right paren>
	|	<asterisk>
	|	<plus sign>
	|	<comma>
	|	<minus sign>
	|	<period>
	|	<solidus>
	|	<colon>
	|	<semicolon>
	|	<less than operator>
	|	<greater than operator>
	|	<equals operator>
	|	<question mark>
	|	<underscore>
	|	<vertical bar>

<space> ::= !! space character in character set in use

<double quote> ::= "

<percent> ::= %

<ampersand> ::= &

<quote> ::= '

<left paren> ::= (

<right paren> ::= )

<asterisk> ::= *

<plus sign> ::= +

<comma> ::= ,

<minus sign> ::= -

<period> ::= .

<solidus> ::= /

<colon> ::= :

<semicolon> ::= ;

<less than operator> ::= <

<equals operator> ::= =

<greater than operator> ::= >

<question mark> ::= ?

<underscore> ::= _

<vertical bar> ::= |

<SQL embedded language character> ::= <left bracket> | <right bracket>

<left bracket> ::= [

<right bracket> ::= ]

<token> ::=
		<nondelimiter token>
	|	<delimiter token>

<nondelimiter token> ::=
		<regular identifier>
	|	<key word>
	|	<unsigned numeric literal>
	|	<national character string literal>
	|	<bit string literal>
	|	<hex string literal>

<regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

<identifier body> ::= <identifier start> [ { <underscore> | <identifier part> } ... ]

<identifier start> ::= !! See the Syntax rules

<identifier part> ::= <identifier start> | <digit>

<key word> ::= <reserved word> | <non-reserved word>

<reserved word> ::=
		ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND | ANY | ARE
	|	AS | ASC | ASSERTION | AT | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
	|	BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH | BOTH | BY
	|	CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST | CATALOG | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHARACTER_LENGTH
	|	CHAR_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE | COLLATE | COLLATION | COLUMN | COMMIT
	|	CONNECT | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING
	|	CREATE | CROSS | CURRENT | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
	|	DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT
	|	DEFERRABLE | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR | DIAGNOSTICS
	|	DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
	|	ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
	|	FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
	|	GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO | GRANT | GROUP
	|	HAVING | HOUR
	|	IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT | INSENSITIVE
	|	INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT | INTERVAL | INTO | IS | ISOLATION
	|	JOIN
	|	KEY
	|	LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
	|	MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE | MONTH
	|	NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO | NOT | NULL | NULLIF | NUMERIC
	|	OCTET_LENGTH | OF | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR | ORDER | OUTER | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
	|	PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE | PRESERVE | PRIMARY | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
	|	READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT | REVOKE | RIGHT | ROLLBACK | ROWS
	|	SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION | SELECT | SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
	|	SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
	|	TABLE | TEMPORARY | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP | TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
	|	TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
	|	UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE | USER | USING
	|	VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
	|	WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
	|	YEAR
	|	ZONE

<non-reserved word> ::=
		ADA
	|	C | CATALOG_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
	|	CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_CATALOG | COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA
	|	COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_FUNCTION | COMMITTED | CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME
	|	CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_NAME | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
	|	DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
	|	FORTRAN
	|	LENGTH
	|	MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS
	|	NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
	|	PASCAL | PLI
	|	REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_SQLSTATE | ROW_COUNT
	|	SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
	|	TABLE_NAME | TYPE
	|	UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED

--hr
--h2 Literal Numbers, Strings, Dates and Times
--/h2

<unsigned numeric literal> ::=
		<exact numeric literal>
	|	<approximate numeric literal>

<exact numeric literal> ::=
		<unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
	|	<period> <unsigned integer>

<unsigned integer> ::= <digit> ...

<approximate numeric literal> ::=
		<mantissa> E <exponent>

<mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

<exponent> ::= <signed integer>

<signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

<sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

<national character string literal> ::=
		N <quote> [ <character representation> ... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]

<character representation> ::= <nonquote character> | <quote symbol>

<nonquote character> ::= !! See the Syntax rules

<quote symbol> ::= <quote> <quote>

<separator> ::= { <comment> | <space> | <newline> }...

<comment> ::= <comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>

<comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign> [<minus sign>...]

<comment character> ::= <nonquote character> | <quote>

<newline> ::= !! implementation defined end of line indicator

<bit string literal> ::=
		B <quote> [ <bit> ... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> }... ]

<bit> ::= 0 | 1

<hex string literal> ::=
		X <quote> [ <hexit> ... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> }... ]

<hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f

<delimiter token> ::=
		<character string literal>
	|	<date string>
	|	<time string>
	|	<timestamp string>
	|	<delimited identifier>
	|	<SQL special character>
	|	<not equals operator>
	|	<greater than or equals operator>
	|	<less than or equals operator>
	|	<concatenation operator>
	|	<double period>
	|	<left bracket>
	|	<right bracket>

<character string literal> ::=
	[ <introducer><character set specification> ] <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]

<introducer> ::= <underscore>

<character set specification> ::=
		<standard character repertoire name>
	|	<implementation-defined character repertoire name>
	|	<user-defined character repertoire name>
	|	<standard universal character form-of-use name>
	|	<implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>

<standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <SQL language identifier>

<schema name> ::= [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

<catalog name> ::= <identifier>

<identifier> ::= [ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>

<actual identifier> ::= <regular identifier> | <delimited identifier>

<delimited identifier> ::= <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

<delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

<delimited identifier part> ::= <nondoublequote character> | <doublequote symbol>

<nondoublequote character> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>

<unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>

<SQL language identifier> ::=
		<SQL language identifier start> [ { <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> }... ]

<SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

<SQL language identifier part> ::= <simple Latin letter> | <digit>

<implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<standard universal character form-of-use name> ::= <character set name>

<implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::= <character set name>

<date string> ::= <quote> <date value> <quote>

<date value> ::= <years value> <minus sign> <months value> <minus sign> <days value>

<years value> ::= <datetime value>

<datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<months value> ::= <datetime value>

<days value> ::= <datetime value>

<time string> ::= <quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<time value> ::= <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>

<hours value> ::= <datetime value>

<minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

<seconds value> ::= <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]

<seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

<time zone interval> ::= <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

<timestamp string> ::= <quote> <date value> <space> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<interval string> ::= <quote> { <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> } <quote>

<year-month literal> ::=
		<years value>
	|	[ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

<day-time literal> ::= <day-time interval> | <time interval>

<day-time interval> ::=
		<days value> [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]

<time-interval> ::=
		<hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
	|	<minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
	|	<seconds value>

<not equals operator> ::= <>

<greater than or equals operator> ::= >=

<less than or equals operator> ::= <=

<concatenation operator> ::= ||

<double period> ::= ..

--hr
--h2 SQL Module
--/h2

<module> ::=
		<module name clause> <language clause> <module authorization clause>
		[ <temporary table declaration>... ]
		<module contents>...

<module name clause> ::=
		MODULE [ <module name> ] [ <module character set specification> ]

<module name> ::= <identifier>

<module character set specification> ::= NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<language clause> ::= LANGUAGE <language name>

<language name> ::= ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI

<module authorization clause> ::=
		SCHEMA <schema name>
	|	AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
	|	SCHEMA <schema name> AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>

<module authorization identifier> ::= <authorization identifier>

<authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>

<temporary table declaration> ::=
	DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <qualified local table name> <table element list> [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE | DELETE } ROWS ]

<qualified local table name> ::= MODULE <period> <local table name>

<local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>

<qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

<table element list> ::= <left paren> <table element> [ { <comma> <table element> }... ] <right paren>

<table element> ::= <column definition> | <table constraint definition>

<column definition> ::=
		<column name> { <data type> | <domain name> } [ <default clause> ] [ <column constraint definition>... ] [ <collate clause> ]

<column name> ::= <identifier>

--hr
--h2 Data Types
--/h2

<data type> ::=
		<character string type> [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]
	|	<national character string type>
	|	<bit string type>
	|	<numeric type>
	|	<datetime type>
	|	<interval type>

<character string type> ::=
		CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	CHARACTER VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	CHAR VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	VARCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]

<length> ::= <unsigned integer>

<national character string type> ::=
		NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NATIONAL CHAR VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NCHAR VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]

<bit string type> ::=
		BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	BIT VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]

<numeric type> ::=
		<exact numeric type>
	|	<approximate numeric type>

<exact numeric type> ::=
	 	NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	| 	DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	| 	DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	|	INTEGER
	|	INT
	|	SMALLINT

<precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

<approximate numeric type> ::=
	 	FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
	|	REAL
	|	DOUBLE PRECISION

<datetime type> ::=
		DATE
	|   TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ] [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
	|   TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ] [ WITH TIME ZONE ]

<time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>

<interval qualifier> ::=
		<start field> TO <end field>
	|   <single datetime field>

<start field> ::=
		<non-second datetime field> [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

<non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE

<interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<end field> ::=
		<non-second datetime field>
	|   SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right paren> ]

<interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<single datetime field> ::=
		<non-second datetime field> [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
	|   SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]

<domain name> ::= <qualified name>

<qualified name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<default clause> ::= DEFAULT <default option>

<default option> ::=
		<literal>
	|	<datetime value function>
	|	USER
	|	CURRENT_USER
	|	SESSION_USER
	|	SYSTEM_USER
	|	NULL

--hr
--h2 Literals
--/h2

<literal> ::= <signed numeric literal> | <general literal>

<signed numeric literal> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

<general literal> ::=
		<character string literal>
	|	<national character string literal>
	|	<bit string literal>
	|	<hex string literal>
	|	<datetime literal>
	|	<interval literal>

<datetime literal> ::=
		<date literal>
	|	<time literal>
	|	<timestamp literal>

<date literal> ::= DATE <date string>

<time literal> ::= TIME <time string>

<timestamp literal> ::= TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

<interval literal> ::= INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

<datetime value function> ::=
		<current date value function>
	|	<current time value function>
	|	<current timestamp value function>

<current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

<current time value function> ::= CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

<current timestamp value function> ::= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

--hr
--h2 Constraints
--/h2

<column constraint definition> ::=
		[ <constraint name definition> ] <column constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<constraint name> ::= <qualified name>

<column constraint> ::=
		NOT NULL
	|	<unique specification>
	|	<references specification>
	|	<check constraint definition>

<unique specification> ::= UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

<references specification> ::=
		REFERENCES <referenced table and columns> [ MATCH <match type> ] [ <referential triggered action> ]

<referenced table and columns> ::= <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]

<table name> ::= <qualified name> | <qualified local table name>

<reference column list> ::= <column name list>

<column name list> ::= <column name> [ { <comma> <column name> }... ]

<match type> ::= FULL | PARTIAL

<referential triggered action> ::=
		<update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
	|	<delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

<update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

<referential action> ::= CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT | NO ACTION

<delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

<check constraint definition> ::= CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

--hr
--h2 Search Condition
--/h2

<search condition> ::=
		<boolean term>
	|   <search condition> OR <boolean term>

<boolean term> ::=
		<boolean factor>
	|   <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

<boolean factor> ::= [ NOT ] <boolean test>

<boolean test> ::= <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ] <truth value> ]

<boolean primary> ::= <predicate> | <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<predicate> ::=
		<comparison predicate>
	|   <between predicate>
	|   <in predicate>
	|   <like predicate>
	|   <null predicate>
	|   <quantified comparison predicate>
	|   <exists predicate>
	|   <match predicate>
	|   <overlaps predicate>

<comparison predicate> ::= <row value constructor> <comp op> <row value constructor>

<row value constructor> ::=
		<row value constructor element>
	|   <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
	|   <row subquery>

<row value constructor element> ::=
		<value expression>
	|   <null specification>
	|   <default specification>

<value expression> ::=
		<numeric value expression>
	|   <string value expression>
	|   <datetime value expression>
	|   <interval value expression>

<numeric value expression> ::=
		<term>
	|   <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
	|   <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

<term> ::=
		<factor>
	|   <term> <asterisk> <factor>
	|   <term> <solidus> <factor>

<factor> ::= [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

<numeric primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <numeric value function>

<value expression primary> ::=
		<unsigned value specification>
	|   <column reference>
	|   <set function specification>
	|   <scalar subquery>
	|   <case expression>
	|   <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
	|   <cast specification>

<unsigned value specification> ::= <unsigned literal> | <general value specification>

<unsigned literal> ::= <unsigned numeric literal> | <general literal>

<general value specification> ::=
		<parameter specification>
	|   <dynamic parameter specification>
	|   <variable specification>
	|   USER
	|   CURRENT_USER
	|   SESSION_USER
	|   SYSTEM_USER
	|   VALUE

<parameter specification> ::= <parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

<parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

<indicator parameter> ::= [ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>

<dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

<variable specification> ::= <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

<embedded variable name> ::= <colon><host identifier>

<host identifier> ::=
		<Ada host identifier>
	|	<C host identifier>
	|	<Cobol host identifier>
	|	<Fortran host identifier>
	|	<MUMPS host identifier>
	|	<Pascal host identifier>
	|	<PL/I host identifier>

<Ada host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<C host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<Cobol host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<Fortran host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<Pascal host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<PL/I host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules

<indicator variable> ::= [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>

<column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>

<qualifier> ::= <table name> | <correlation name>

<correlation name> ::= <identifier>

<set function specification> ::=
		COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
	|   <general set function>

<general set function> ::=
		<set function type> <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>

<set function type> ::= AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

<set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

--hr
--h2 Queries
--/h2

<scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

<subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

<query expression> ::= <non-join query expression> | <joined table>

<non-join query expression> ::=
		<non-join query term>
	|	<query expression> UNION [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
	|	<query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

<non-join query term> ::=
		<non-join query primary>
	|	<query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>

<non-join query primary> ::= <simple table> | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

<simple table> ::=
		<query specification>
	|	<table value constructor>
	|	<explicit table>

<query specification> ::=
		SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

<select list> ::=
		<asterisk>
	|	<select sublist> [ { <comma> <select sublist> }... ]

<select sublist> ::= <derived column> | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

<derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

<as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>

<table expression> ::=
		<from clause>
		[ <where clause> ]
		[ <group by clause> ]
		[ <having clause> ]

<from clause> ::= FROM <table reference> [ { <comma> <table reference> }... ]

--small
--i
Note that <correlation specification> does not appear in the ISO/IEC grammar.
The notation is written out longhand several times, instead.
--/i
--/small

<table reference> ::=
	    <table name> [ <correlation specification> ]
	|   <derived table> <correlation specification>
	|   <joined table>

<correlation specification> ::=
		[ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]

<derived column list> ::= <column name list>

<derived table> ::= <table subquery>

<table subquery> ::= <subquery>

<joined table> ::=
		<cross join>
	|   <qualified join>
	|   <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

<cross join> ::=
		<table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>

<qualified join> ::=
		<table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN <table reference> [ <join specification> ]

<join type> ::=
		INNER
	|   <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
	|   UNION

<outer join type> ::= LEFT | RIGHT | FULL

<join specification> ::= <join condition> | <named columns join>

<join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

<named columns join> ::= USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

<join column list> ::= <column name list>

<where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>

<group by clause> ::= GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>

<grouping column reference list> ::=
		<grouping column reference> [ { <comma> <grouping column reference> }... ]

<grouping column reference> ::= <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

<collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>

<collation name> ::= <qualified name>

<having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>

<table value constructor> ::= VALUES <table value constructor list>

<table value constructor list> ::= <row value constructor> [ { <comma> <row value constructor> }... ]

<explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>

<query term> ::= <non-join query term> | <joined table>

<corresponding spec> ::= CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]

<corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>

<query primary> ::= <non-join query primary> | <joined table>

--hr
--h2 Query expression components
--/h2

<case expression> ::= <case abbreviation> | <case specification>

<case abbreviation> ::=
		NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma> <value expression> <right paren>
	|	COALESCE <left paren> <value expression> { <comma> <value expression> }...  <right paren>

<case specification> ::= <simple case> | <searched case>

<simple case> ::=
		CASE <case operand>
			<simple when clause>...
			[ <else clause> ]
		END

<case operand> ::= <value expression>

<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

<when operand> ::= <value expression>

<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

<result expression> ::= <value expression>

<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

<searched case> ::=
		CASE
		<searched when clause>...
		[ <else clause> ]
		END

<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

<cast specification> ::= CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS <cast target> <right paren>

<cast operand> ::= <value expression> | NULL

<cast target> ::= <domain name> | <data type>

<numeric value function> ::= <position expression> | <extract expression> |	<length expression>

<position expression> ::=
	POSITION <left paren> <character value expression> IN <character value expression> <right paren>

<character value expression> ::= <concatenation> | <character factor>

<concatenation> ::= <character value expression> <concatenation operator> <character factor>

<character factor> ::= <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

<character primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <string value function>

<string value function> ::= <character value function> | <bit value function>

<character value function> ::=
		<character substring function>
	|   <fold>
	|   <form-of-use conversion>
	|   <character translation>
	|   <trim function>

<character substring function> ::=
		SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position> [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

<string length> ::= <numeric value expression>

<fold> ::= { UPPER | LOWER } <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion> ::=
		CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression> USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>

<character translation> ::=
		TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression> USING <translation name> <right paren>

<translation name> ::= <qualified name>

<trim function> ::= TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

<trim operands> ::= [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>

<trim specification> ::= LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH

<trim character> ::= <character value expression>

<trim source> ::= <character value expression>

<bit value function> ::= <bit substring function>

<bit substring function> ::=
		SUBSTRING <left paren> <bit value expression> FROM <start position> [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<bit value expression> ::= <bit concatenation> | <bit factor>

<bit concatenation> ::= <bit value expression> <concatenation operator> <bit factor>

<bit factor> ::= <bit primary>

<bit primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <string value function>

<extract expression> ::= EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field> FROM <extract source> <right paren>

<extract field> ::= <datetime field> | <time zone field>

<datetime field> ::= <non-second datetime field> | SECOND

<time zone field> ::= TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

<extract source> ::= <datetime value expression> | <interval value expression>

<datetime value expression> ::=
		<datetime term>
	|	<interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
	|	<datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
	|	<datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

<interval term> ::=
		<interval factor>
	|	<interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
	|	<interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
	|	<term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

<interval factor> ::= [ <sign> ] <interval primary>

<interval primary> ::= <value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]

<interval term 2> ::= <interval term>

<interval value expression> ::=
		<interval term>
	|	<interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>
	|	<interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>
	|	<left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

<interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

<interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

<datetime term> ::= <datetime factor>

<datetime factor> ::= <datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

<datetime primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <datetime value function>

<time zone> ::= AT <time zone specifier>

<time zone specifier> ::= LOCAL | TIME ZONE <interval value expression>

<length expression> ::= <char length expression> | <octet length expression> | <bit length expression>

<char length expression> ::= { CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH } <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<string value expression> ::= <character value expression> | <bit value expression>

<octet length expression> ::= OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<bit length expression> ::= BIT_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<null specification> ::= NULL

<default specification> ::= DEFAULT

<row value constructor list> ::= <row value constructor element> [ { <comma> <row value constructor element> } ... ]

<row subquery> ::= <subquery>

<comp op> ::=
		<equals operator>
	|   <not equals operator>
	|   <less than operator>
	|   <greater than operator>
	|   <less than or equals operator>
	|   <greater than or equals operator>

<between predicate> ::=
		<row value constructor> [ NOT ] BETWEEN <row value constructor> AND <row value constructor>

<in predicate> ::= <row value constructor> [ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

<in predicate value> ::= <table subquery> | <left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

<in value list> ::= <value expression> { <comma> <value expression> } ...

<like predicate> ::= <match value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern> [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<match value> ::= <character value expression>

<pattern> ::= <character value expression>

<escape character> ::= <character value expression>

<null predicate> ::= <row value constructor> IS [ NOT ] NULL

<quantified comparison predicate> ::= <row value constructor> <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>

<quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

<all> ::= ALL

<some> ::= SOME | ANY

<exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>

<unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>

<match predicate> ::= <row value constructor> MATCH [ UNIQUE ] [ PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>

<overlaps predicate> ::= <row value constructor 1> OVERLAPS <row value constructor 2>

<row value constructor 1> ::= <row value constructor>

<row value constructor 2> ::= <row value constructor>

<truth value> ::= TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN

--hr
--h2 More about constraints
--/h2

<constraint attributes> ::=
		<constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
	|	[ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

<constraint check time> ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

<table constraint definition> ::= [ <constraint name definition> ] <table constraint> [ <constraint check time> ]

<table constraint> ::=
		<unique constraint definition>
	|	<referential constraint definition>
	|	<check constraint definition>

<unique constraint definition> ::= <unique specification> <left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>

<unique column list> ::= <column name list>

<referential constraint definition> ::=
		FOREIGN KEY <left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren> <references specification>

<referencing columns> ::= <reference column list>

--hr
--h2 Module contents
--/h2

<module contents> ::=
		<declare cursor>
	|	<dynamic declare cursor>
	|	<procedure>

<declare cursor> ::=
		DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR FOR <cursor specification>

<cursor name> ::= <identifier>

<cursor specification> ::= <query expression> [ <order by clause> ] [ <updatability clause> ]

<order by clause> ::= ORDER BY <sort specification list>

<sort specification list> ::= <sort specification> [ { <comma> <sort specification> }... ]

<sort specification> ::= <sort key> [ <collate clause> ] [ <ordering specification> ]

<sort key> ::= <column name> | <unsigned integer>

<ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC

<updatability clause> ::= FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] }

<dynamic declare cursor> ::=
		DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR FOR <statement name>

<statement name> ::= <identifier>

--hr
--h2 SQL Procedures
--/h2

<procedure> ::=
	PROCEDURE <procedure name> <parameter declaration list> <semicolon> <SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

<procedure name> ::= <identifier>

<parameter declaration list> ::=
		<left paren> <parameter declaration> [ { <comma> <parameter declaration> }... ] <right paren>

<parameter declaration> ::= <parameter name> <data type> | <status parameter>

<status parameter> ::= SQLCODE | SQLSTATE

<SQL procedure statement> ::=
		<SQL schema statement>
	|	<SQL data statement>
	|	<SQL transaction statement>
	|	<SQL connection statement>
	|	<SQL session statement>
	|	<SQL dynamic statement>
	|	<SQL diagnostics statement>

--hr
--h2 SQL Schema Definition Statements
--/h2

<SQL schema statement> ::=
		<SQL schema definition statement>
	|	<SQL schema manipulation statement>

<SQL schema definition statement> ::=
		<schema definition>
	|	<table definition>
	|	<view definition>
	|	<grant statement>
	|	<domain definition>
	|	<character set definition>
	|	<collation definition>
	|	<translation definition>
	|	<assertion definition>

<schema definition> ::=
		CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause>
			[ <schema character set specification> ]
			[ <schema element>... ]

<schema name clause> ::=
		<schema name>
	|	AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
	|	<schema name> AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>

<schema authorization identifier> ::= <authorization identifier>

<schema character set specification> ::= DEFAULT CHARACTER SET <character set specification>

<schema element> ::=
		<domain definition>
	|	<table definition>
	|	<view definition>
	|	<grant statement>
	|	<assertion definition>
	|	<character set definition>
	|	<collation definition>
	|	<translation definition>

<domain definition> ::=
		CREATE DOMAIN <domain name> [ AS ] <data type>
			[ <default clause> ] [ <domain constraint> ] [ <collate clause> ]

<domain constraint> ::=
		[ <constraint name definition> ] <check constraint definition> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table definition> ::=
		CREATE [ { GLOBAL | LOCAL } TEMPORARY ] TABLE <table name> <table element list> [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]

<view definition> ::=
		CREATE VIEW <table name> [ <left paren> <view column list> <right paren> ]
			AS <query expression> [ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

<view column list> ::= <column name list>

<levels clause> ::= CASCADED | LOCAL

<grant statement> ::=
		GRANT <privileges> ON <object name> TO <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

<privileges> ::= ALL PRIVILEGES | <action list>

<action list> ::= <action> [ { <comma> <action> }... ]

<action> ::=
		SELECT
	|	DELETE
	|	INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
	|	UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
	|	REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
	|	USAGE

<privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

<object name> ::=
		[ TABLE ] <table name>
	|	DOMAIN <domain name>
	|	COLLATION <collation name>
	|	CHARACTER SET <character set name>
	|	TRANSLATION <translation name>

<grantee> ::= PUBLIC | <authorization identifier>

<assertion definition> ::=
		CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> <assertion check> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<assertion check> ::= CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<character set definition> ::=
		CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name> [ AS ] <character set source>
		[ <collate clause> | <limited collation definition> ]

<character set source> ::= GET <existing character set name>

<existing character set name> ::=
		<standard character repertoire name>
	|	<implementation-defined character repertoire name>
	|	<schema character set name>

<schema character set name> ::= <character set name>

<limited collation definition> ::=
		COLLATION FROM <collation source>

<collation source> ::= <collating sequence definition> | <translation collation>

<collating sequence definition> ::=
		<external collation>
	|	<schema collation name>
	|	DESC <left paren> <collation name> <right paren>
	|	DEFAULT

<external collation> ::=
	EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external collation name> <quote> <right paren>

<external collation name> ::= <standard collation name> | <implementation-defined collation name>

<standard collation name> ::= <collation name>

<implementation-defined collation name> ::= <collation name>

<schema collation name> ::= <collation name>

<translation collation> ::= TRANSLATION <translation name> [ THEN COLLATION <collation name> ]

<collation definition> ::=
		CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR <character set specification>
			FROM <collation source> [ <pad attribute> ]

<pad attribute> ::= NO PAD | PAD SPACE

<translation definition> ::=
		CREATE TRANSLATION <translation name>
			FOR <source character set specification>
			TO <target character set specification>
			FROM <translation source>

<source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<translation source> ::= <translation specification>

<translation specification> ::=
		<external translation>
	|	IDENTITY
	|	<schema translation name>

<external translation> ::=
		EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external translation name> <quote> <right paren>

<external translation name> ::=
		<standard translation name>
	|	<implementation-defined translation name>

<standard translation name> ::= <translation name>

<implementation-defined translation name> ::= <translation name>

<schema translation name> ::= <translation name>

<SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
		<drop schema statement>
	|	<alter table statement>
	|	<drop table statement>
	|	<drop view statement>
	|	<revoke statement>
	|	<alter domain statement>
	|	<drop domain statement>
	|	<drop character set statement>
	|	<drop collation statement>
	|	<drop translation statement>
	|	<drop assertion statement>

<drop schema statement> ::= DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behaviour>

<drop behaviour> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

<alter table statement> ::= ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

<alter table action> ::=
		<add column definition>
	|	<alter column definition>
	|	<drop column definition>
	|	<add table constraint definition>
	|	<drop table constraint definition>

<add column definition> ::= ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>

<alter column definition> ::= ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

<alter column action> ::= <set column default clause> | <drop column default clause>

<set column default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

<drop column default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

<drop column definition> ::= DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behaviour>

<add table constraint definition> ::= ADD <table constraint definition>

<drop table constraint definition> ::= DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behaviour>

<drop table statement> ::= DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behaviour>

<drop view statement> ::= DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behaviour>

<revoke statement> ::=
		REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] <privileges> ON <object name>
			FROM <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ] <drop behaviour>

<alter domain statement> ::= ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

<alter domain action> ::=
		<set domain default clause>
	|	<drop domain default clause>
	|	<add domain constraint definition>
	|	<drop domain constraint definition>

<set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

<drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

<add domain constraint definition> ::= ADD <domain constraint>

<drop domain constraint definition> ::= DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<drop domain statement> ::= DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behaviour>

<drop character set statement> ::= DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>

<drop collation statement> ::= DROP COLLATION <collation name>

<drop translation statement> ::= DROP TRANSLATION <translation name>

<drop assertion statement> ::= DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>

--hr
--h2 SQL Data Manipulation Statements
--/h2

<SQL data statement> ::=
		<open statement>
	|	<fetch statement>
	|	<close statement>
	|	<select statement: single row>
	|	<SQL data change statement>

<open statement> ::= OPEN <cursor name>

<fetch statement> ::=
		FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

<fetch orientation> ::=
		NEXT
	|	PRIOR
	|	FIRST
	|	LAST
	|	{ ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE } <simple value specification>

<simple value specification> ::= <parameter name> | <embedded variable name> | <literal>

<fetch target list> ::= <target specification> [ { <comma> <target specification> }... ]

<target specification> ::=
		<parameter specification>
	|	<variable specification>

<close statement> ::= CLOSE <cursor name>

<select statement: single row> ::=
	SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> INTO <select target list> <table expression>

<select target list> ::= <target specification> [ { <comma> <target specification> }... ]

<SQL data change statement> ::=
		<delete statement: positioned>
	|	<delete statement: searched>
	|	<insert statement>
	|	<update statement: positioned>
	|	<update statement: searched>

<delete statement: positioned> ::= DELETE FROM <table name> WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<delete statement: searched> ::= DELETE FROM <table name> [ WHERE <search condition> ]

<insert statement> ::= INSERT INTO <table name> <insert columns and source>

<insert columns and source> ::=
		[ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ] <query expression>
	|	DEFAULT VALUES

<insert column list> ::= <column name list>

<update statement: positioned> ::=
		UPDATE <table name> SET <set clause list> WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<set clause list> ::= <set clause> [ { <comma> <set clause> } ... ]

<set clause> ::= <object column> <equals operator> <update source>

<object column> ::= <column name>

<update source> ::= <value expression> | <null specification> | DEFAULT

<update statement: searched> ::=
		UPDATE <table name> SET <set clause list> [ WHERE <search condition> ]

<SQL transaction statement> ::=
		<set transaction statement>
	|	<set constraints mode statement>
	|	<commit statement>
	|	<rollback statement>

<set transaction statement> ::=
		SET TRANSACTION <transaction mode> [ { <comma> <transaction mode> }... ]

<transaction mode> ::=
		<isolation level>
	|	<transaction access mode>
	|	<diagnostics size>

<isolation level> ::= ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

<level of isolation> ::=
		READ UNCOMMITTED
	|	READ COMMITTED
	|	REPEATABLE READ
	|	SERIALIZABLE

<transaction access mode> ::= READ ONLY | READ WRITE

<diagnostics size> ::= DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

<number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>

<set constraints mode statement> ::=
		SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list> { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

<constraint name list> ::= ALL | <constraint name> [ { <comma> <constraint name> }... ]

<commit statement> ::= COMMIT [ WORK ]

<rollback statement> ::= ROLLBACK [ WORK ]

--hr
--h2 Connection Management
--/h2

<SQL connection statement> ::=
		<connect statement>
	|	<set connection statement>
	|	<disconnect statement>

<connect statement> ::= CONNECT TO <connection target>

<connection target> ::=
		<SQL-server name> [ AS <connection name> ] [ USER <user name> ]
	|	DEFAULT

<SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

<connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

<user name> ::= <simple value specification>

<set connection statement> ::= SET CONNECTION <connection object>

<connection object> ::= DEFAULT | <connection name>

<disconnect statement> ::= DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

<disconnect object> ::= <connection object> | ALL | CURRENT

--hr
--h2 Session Attributes
--/h2

<SQL session statement> ::=
		<set catalog statement>
	|	<set schema statement>
	|	<set names statement>
	|	<set session authorization identifier statement>
	|	<set local time zone statement>

<set catalog statement> ::= SET CATALOG <value specification>

<value specification> ::= <literal> | <general value specification>

<set schema statement> ::= SET SCHEMA <value specification>

<set names statement> ::= SET NAMES <value specification>

<set session authorization identifier statement> ::= SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION <value specification>

<set local time zone statement> ::= SET TIME ZONE <set time zone value>

<set time zone value> ::= <interval value expression> | LOCAL

--hr
--h2 Dynamic SQL
--/h2

<SQL dynamic statement> ::=
		<system descriptor statement>
	|	<prepare statement>
	|	<deallocate prepared statement>
	|	<describe statement>
	|	<execute statement>
	|	<execute immediate statement>
	|	<SQL dynamic data statement>

<system descriptor statement> ::=
		<allocate descriptor statement>
	|	<deallocate descriptor statement>
	|	<get descriptor statement>
	|	<set descriptor statement>

<allocate descriptor statement> ::= ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> [ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]

<descriptor name> ::= [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<scope option> ::= GLOBAL | LOCAL

<occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate descriptor statement> ::= DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<set descriptor statement> ::=
		SET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <set descriptor information>

<set descriptor information> ::=
		<set count>
	|	VALUE <item number> <set item information> [ { <comma> <set item information> }... ]

<set count> ::= COUNT <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

<simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<set item information> ::= <descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>

<descriptor item name> ::=
		TYPE
	|	LENGTH
	|	OCTET_LENGTH
	|	RETURNED_LENGTH
	|	RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
	|	PRECISION
	|	SCALE
	|	DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
	|	DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
	|	NULLABLE
	|	INDICATOR
	|	DATA
	|	NAME
	|	UNNAMED
	|	COLLATION_CATALOG
	|	COLLATION_SCHEMA
	|	COLLATION_NAME
	|	CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
	|	CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
	|	CHARACTER_SET_NAME

<simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

<get descriptor statement> ::= GET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>

<get descriptor information> ::=
		<get count>
	|	VALUE <item number> <get item information> [ { <comma> <get item information> }... ]

<get count> ::= <simple target specification 1> <equals operator> COUNT

<simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

<simple target specification> ::= <parameter name> | <embedded variable name>

<get item information> ::= <simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>

<simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

<prepare statement> ::= PREPARE <SQL statement name> FROM <SQL statement variable>

<SQL statement name> ::= <statement name> | <extended statement name>

<extended statement name> ::= [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate prepared statement> ::= DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>

<describe statement> ::= <describe input statement> | <describe output statement>

<describe input statement> ::= DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<using descriptor> ::= { USING | INTO } SQL DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<describe output statement> ::= DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<execute statement> ::= EXECUTE <SQL statement name> [ <result using clause> ] [ <parameter using clause> ]

<result using clause> ::= <using clause>

<using clause> ::= <using arguments> | <using descriptor>

<using arguments> ::= { USING | INTO } <argument> [ { <comma> <argument> }... ]

<argument> ::= <target specification>

<parameter using clause> ::= <using clause>

<execute immediate statement> ::= EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>

<SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
		<allocate cursor statement>
	|	<dynamic open statement>
	|	<dynamic close statement>
	|	<dynamic fetch statement>
	|	<dynamic delete statement: positioned>
	|	<dynamic update statement: positioned>

<allocate cursor statement> ::=
		ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR FOR <extended statement name>

<extended cursor name> ::= [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<dynamic open statement> ::= OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <using clause> ]

<dynamic cursor name> ::= <cursor name> | <extended cursor name>

<dynamic close statement> ::= CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic fetch statement> ::=
		FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
		DELETE FROM <table name> WHERE CURRENT OF <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
		UPDATE <table name>
			SET <set clause> [ { <comma> <set clause> }... ]
			WHERE CURRENT OF <dynamic cursor name>

<SQL diagnostics statement> ::= <get diagnostics statement>

<get diagnostics statement> ::= GET DIAGNOSTICS <sql diagnostics information>

<sql diagnostics information> ::= <statement information> | <condition information>

<statement information> ::=
		<statement information item> [ { <comma> <statement information item> }... ]

<statement information item> ::=
		<simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item name>

<statement information item name> ::= NUMBER | MORE | COMMAND_FUNCTION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION | ROW_COUNT

<condition information> ::=
		EXCEPTION <condition number> <condition information item> [ { <comma> <condition information item> }... ]

<condition number> ::= <simple value specification>

<condition information item> ::=
		<simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item name>

<condition information item name> ::=
		CONDITION_NUMBER
	|	RETURNED_SQLSTATE
	|	CLASS_ORIGIN
	|	SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
	|	SERVER_NAME
	|	CONNECTION_NAME
	|	CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
	|	CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
	|	CONSTRAINT_NAME
	|	CATALOG_NAME
	|	SCHEMA_NAME
	|	TABLE_NAME
	|	COLUMN_NAME
	|	CURSOR_NAME
	|	MESSAGE_TEXT
	|	MESSAGE_LENGTH
	|	MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

<embedded SQL host program> ::=
		<embedded SQL Ada program>
	|	<embedded SQL C program>
	|	<embedded SQL Cobol program>
	|	<embedded SQL Fortran program>
	|	<embedded SQL MUMPS program>
	|	<embedded SQL Pascal program>
	|	<embedded SQL PL/I program>

<embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL C program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL Cobol program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL Fortran program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL Pascal program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<embedded SQL declare section> ::=
		<embedded SQL begin declare>
			[ <embedded character set declaration> ]
			[ <host variable definition> ... ]
			<embedded SQL end declare>
	|	<embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

<embedded SQL begin declare> ::= <SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION [ <SQL terminator> ]

<SQL prefix> ::= EXEC SQL | <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

<SQL terminator> ::= END-EXEC | <semicolon> | <right paren>

<embedded character set declaration> ::= SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<host variable definition> ::=
		<Ada variable definition>
	|	<C variable definition>
	|	<Cobol variable definition>
	|	<Fortran variable definition>
	|	<MUMPS variable definition>
	|	<Pascal variable definition>
	|	<PL/I variable definition>


--small
--i
Note that <colon> is written as a literal colon in the ANSI grammar.
--/i
--/small

<Ada variable definition> ::=
		<Ada host identifier> [ { <comma> <Ada host identifier> }... ] <colon>
		<Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

<Ada type specification> ::= <Ada qualified type specification> | <Ada unqualified type specification>

<Ada qualified type specification> ::=
		SQL_STANDARD.CHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ] <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
	|	SQL_STANDARD.BIT <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
	|	SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT
	|	SQL_STANDARD.INT
	|	SQL_STANDARD.REAL
	|	SQL_STANDARD.DOUBLE_PRECISION
	|	SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE
	|	SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE
	|	SQL_STANDARD.INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
		CHAR <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
	|	BIT <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
	|	SMALLINT
	|	INT
	|	REAL
	|	DOUBLE_PRECISION
	|	SQLCODE_TYPE
	|	SQLSTATE_TYPE
	|	INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada initial value> ::= <Ada assignment operator> <character representation>

<Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

<C variable definition> ::= [ <C storage class> ] [ <C class modifier> ] <C variable specification> <semicolon>

<C storage class> ::= auto | extern | static

<C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

<C variable specification> ::=
		<C numeric variable>
	|	<C character variable>
	|	<C derived variable>

<C numeric variable> ::=
		{ long | short | float | double }
			<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
			[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C initial value> ::= <equals operator> <character representation>

<C character variable> ::=
		char [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
			<C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
			[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C array specification> ::= <left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

<C derived variable> ::= <C VARCHAR variable> | <C bit variable>

<C VARCHAR variable> ::=
		VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
			<C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
			[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C bit variable> ::=
		BIT <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
			[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<Cobol variable definition> ::=
	...omitted...

<Fortran variable definition> ::=
	...omitted...

<MUMPS variable definition> ::=
	...omitted...

<Pascal variable definition> ::=
	...omitted...

<PL/I variable definition> ::=
	...omitted...

<embedded SQL end declare> ::= <SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION [ <SQL terminator> ]

<embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
	<SQL prefix>
	BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
		[ <embedded character set declaration> ]
		[ <host variable definition>... ]
	END DECLARE SECTION
	<SQL terminator>

<embedded SQL statement> ::= <SQL prefix> <statement or declaration> [ <SQL terminator> ]

<statement or declaration> ::=
		<declare cursor>
	|	<dynamic declare cursor>
	|	<temporary table declaration>
	|	<embedded exception declaration>
	|	<SQL procedure statement>

<embedded exception declaration> ::= WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

<condition> ::= SQLERROR | NOT FOUND

<condition action> ::= CONTINUE | <go to>

<go to> ::= { GOTO | GO TO } <goto target>

<goto target> ::=
		<host label identifier>
	|	<unsigned integer>
	|	<host PL/I label variable>

<host label identifier> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<host PL/I label variable> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<preparable statement> ::=
		<preparable SQL data statement>
	|	<preparable SQL schema statement>
	|	<preparable SQL transaction statement>
	|	<preparable SQL session statement>
	|	<preparable SQL implementation-defined statement>

<preparable SQL data statement> ::=
		<delete statement: searched>
	|	<dynamic single row select statement>
	|	<insert statement>
	|	<dynamic select statement>
	|	<update statement: searched>
	|	<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
	|	<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

<dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

<dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
		DELETE [ FROM <table name> ] WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
		UPDATE [ <table name> ] SET <set clause> WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable SQL schema statement> ::= <SQL schema statement>

<preparable SQL transaction statement> ::= <SQL transaction statement>

<preparable SQL session statement> ::= <SQL session statement>

<preparable SQL implementation-defined statement> ::= !! See the syntax rules

<direct SQL statement> ::=
		<direct SQL data statement>
	|	<SQL schema statement>
	|	<SQL transaction statement>
	|	<SQL connection statement>
	|	<SQL session statement>
	|	<direct implementation-defined statement>

<direct SQL data statement> ::=
		<delete statement: searched>
	|	<direct select statement: multiple rows>
	|	<insert statement>
	|	<update statement: searched>
	|	<temporary table declaration>

<direct select statement: multiple rows> ::= <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]

<direct implementation-defined statement> ::= !! See the syntax rules

--hr
--h2 Identifying the version of SQL in use
--/h2

<SQL object identifier> ::= <SQL provenance> <SQL variant>

<SQL provenance> ::= <arc1> <arc2> <arc3>

<arc1> ::= iso | 1 | iso <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<arc2> ::= standard | 0 | standard <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<arc3> ::= 9075

<SQL variant> ::= <SQL edition> <SQL conformance>

<SQL edition> ::= <1987> | <1989> | <1992>

<1987> ::= 0 | edition1987 <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<1989> ::= <1989 base> <1989 package>

<1989 base> ::= 1 | edition1989 <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1989 package> ::= <integrity no> | <integrity yes>

<integrity no> ::= 0 | IntegrityNo <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<integrity yes> ::= 1 | IntegrityYes <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1992> ::= 2 | edition1992 <left paren> 2 <right paren>

<SQL conformance> ::= <low> | <intermediate> | <high>

<low> ::= 0 | Low <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<intermediate> ::= 1 | Intermediate <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<high> ::= 2 | High <left paren> 2 <right paren>

--hr
--h2 END OF SQL-92 GRAMMAR
--/h2