iox-#2011 Update Ubuntu on CI

[elBoberido]

Notes for Reviewer

From April 1st, Ubuntu 20.04 will not be supported anymore. This PR updates all Ubuntu Jobs to Ubuntu 24.04, except the integrationtests and code coverage jobs, which still rely on Ubuntu 22.04.

The standard Ubuntu job does now build with the standard gcc and cmake. Previously it tried to simulate a QNX build but that is not possible anymore since the old gcc is not supported on a newer Ubuntu. We still have the cirrus CI setup to simulate the QNX setup.

Pre-Review Checklist for the PR Author

1. Code follows the coding style of CONTRIBUTING.md
2. Tests follow the best practice for testing
3. Changelog updated in the unreleased section including API breaking changes
4. Branch follows the naming format (iox-123-this-is-a-branch)
5. Commits messages are according to this guideline
   • Commit messages have the issue ID (iox-#123 commit text)
   • Commit author matches Eclipse Contributor Agreement (and ECA is signed)
6. Update the PR title
   • Follow the same conventions as for commit messages
   • Link to the relevant issue
7. Relevant issues are linked
8. Add sensible notes for the reviewer
9. All checks have passed (except task-list-completed)
10. Assign PR to reviewer

Checklist for the PR Reviewer

• Consider a second reviewer for complex new features or larger refactorings
• Commits are properly organized and messages are according to the guideline
• Code according to our coding style and naming conventions
• Unit tests have been written for new behavior
• Public API changes are documented via doxygen
• Copyright owner are updated in the changed files
• All touched (C/C++) source code files from iceoryx_hoofs have been added to ./clang-tidy-diff-scans.txt
• PR title describes the changes

Post-review Checklist for the PR Author

1. All open points are addressed and tracked via issues

References

• Relates to Ongoing Issue: CI Maintenance Tasks #2011

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 78.69%. Comparing base (c616c3b) to head (5904c98).
Report is 4 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2430   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   78.68%   78.69%           
=======================================
  Files         440      440           
  Lines       16986    16988    +2     
  Branches     2361     2361           
=======================================
+ Hits        13366    13368    +2     
  Misses       2740     2740           
  Partials      880      880           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	78.49% <ø> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
unittests_timing	15.35% <ø> (-0.01%)	⬇️

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see 3 files with indirect coverage changes

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