iot-hub-csharp-csharp-c2d.md

title	description	author	ms.service	services	ms.devlang	ms.topic	ms.date	ms.author	ms.custom
Cloud-to-device messages with Azure IoT Hub (.NET) | Microsoft Docs	How to send cloud-to-device messages to a device from an Azure IoT hub using the Azure IoT SDKs for .NET. You modify a device app to receive cloud-to-device messages and modify a back-end app to send the cloud-to-device messages.	kgremban	iot-hub	iot-hub	csharp	conceptual	10/20/2021	kgremban	amqp mqtt Role: Cloud Development Role: IoT Device devx-track-csharp

Send messages from the cloud to your device with IoT Hub (.NET)

[!INCLUDE iot-hub-selector-c2d]

Azure IoT Hub is a fully managed service that helps enable reliable and secure bi-directional communications between millions of devices and a solution back end. The Send telemetry from a device to an IoT hub quickstart shows how to create an IoT hub, provision a device identity in it, and code a device app that sends device-to-cloud messages.

[!INCLUDE iot-hub-basic]

This tutorial builds on Send telemetry from a device to an IoT hub. It shows you how to do the following tasks:

• From your solution back end, send cloud-to-device messages to a single device through IoT Hub.

• Receive cloud-to-device messages on a device.

• From your solution back end, request delivery acknowledgment (feedback) for messages sent to a device from IoT Hub.

You can find more information on cloud-to-device messages in D2C and C2D Messaging with IoT Hub.

At the end of this tutorial, you run two .NET console apps.

• SimulatedDevice. This app connects to your IoT hub and receives cloud-to-device messages. This app is a modified version of the app created in Send telemetry from a device to an IoT hub.

• SendCloudToDevice. This app sends a cloud-to-device message to the device app through IoT Hub, and then receives its delivery acknowledgment.

Note

IoT Hub has SDK support for many device platforms and languages, including C, Java, Python, and JavaScript, through Azure IoT device SDKs. For step-by-step instructions on how to connect your device to this tutorial's code, and generally to Azure IoT Hub, see the IoT Hub developer guide.

Prerequisites

• Visual Studio

• An active Azure account. If you don't have an account, you can create a free account in just a couple of minutes.

• Make sure that port 8883 is open in your firewall. The device sample in this article uses MQTT protocol, which communicates over port 8883. This port may be blocked in some corporate and educational network environments. For more information and ways to work around this issue, see Connecting to IoT Hub (MQTT).

Receive messages in the device app

In this section, modify the device app you created in Send telemetry from a device to an IoT hub to receive cloud-to-device messages from the IoT hub.

1. In Visual Studio, in the SimulatedDevice project, add the following method to the SimulatedDevice class.

    private static async void ReceiveC2dAsync()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("\nReceiving cloud to device messages from service");
        while (true)
        {
            Message receivedMessage = await s_deviceClient.ReceiveAsync();
            if (receivedMessage == null) continue;
   
            Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
            Console.WriteLine("Received message: {0}", 
            Encoding.ASCII.GetString(receivedMessage.GetBytes()));
            Console.ResetColor();
   
            await s_deviceClient.CompleteAsync(receivedMessage);
        }
    }

2. Add the following method in the Main method, right before the Console.ReadLine() line:

   ReceiveC2dAsync();

The ReceiveAsync method asynchronously returns the received message at the time that it is received by the device. It returns null after a specifiable timeout period. In this example, the default of one minute is used. When the app receives a null, it should continue to wait for new messages. This requirement is the reason for the if (receivedMessage == null) continue line.

The call to CompleteAsync() notifies IoT Hub that the message has been successfully processed and that the message can be safely removed from the device queue. The device should call this method when its processing successfully completes regardless of the protocol it's using.

With AMQP and HTTPS, but not MQTT, the device can also:

• Abandon a message, which results in IoT Hub retaining the message in the device queue for future consumption.
• Reject a message, which which permanently removes the message from the device queue.

If something happens that prevents the device from completing, abandoning, or rejecting the message, IoT Hub will, after a fixed timeout period, queue the message for delivery again. For this reason, the message processing logic in the device app must be idempotent, so that receiving the same message multiple times produces the same result.

For more detailed information about how IoT Hub processes cloud-to-device messages, including details of the cloud-to-device message lifecycle, see Send cloud-to-device messages from an IoT hub.

Note

When using HTTPS instead of MQTT or AMQP as a transport, the ReceiveAsync method returns immediately. The supported pattern for cloud-to-device messages with HTTPS is intermittently connected devices that check for messages infrequently (a minimum of every 25 minutes). Issuing more HTTPS receives results in IoT Hub throttling the requests. For more information about the differences between MQTT, AMQP, and HTTPS support, see Cloud-to-device communications guidance and Choose a communication protocol.

Get the IoT hub connection string

In this article, you create a back-end service to send cloud-to-device messages through the IoT hub you created in Send telemetry from a device to an IoT hub. To send cloud-to-device messages, your service needs the service connect permission. By default, every IoT Hub is created with a shared access policy named service that grants this permission.

[!INCLUDE iot-hub-include-find-service-connection-string]

Send a cloud-to-device message

In this section, you create a .NET console app that sends cloud-to-device messages to the simulated device app.

1. In the current Visual Studio solution, select File > New > Project. In Create a new project, select Console App (.NET Framework), and then select Next.

2. Name the project SendCloudToDevice. Under Solution, select Add to solution and accept the most recent version of the .NET Framework. Select Create to create the project.

   

3. In Solution Explorer, right-click the new project, and then select Manage NuGet Packages.

4. In Manage NuGet Packages, select Browse, and then search for and select Microsoft.Azure.Devices. Select Install.

   This step downloads, installs, and adds a reference to the Azure IoT service SDK NuGet package.

5. Add the following using statement at the top of the Program.cs file.

   using Microsoft.Azure.Devices;

6. Add the following fields to the Program class. Replace the {iot hub connection string} placeholder value with the IoT hub connection string you noted previously in Get the IoT hub connection string. Replace the {device id} placeholder value with the device ID of the device you added in the Send telemetry from a device to an IoT hub quickstart.

   static ServiceClient serviceClient;
   static string connectionString = "{iot hub connection string}";
   static string targetDevice = "{device id}";

7. Add the following method to the Program class to send a message to your device.

   private async static Task SendCloudToDeviceMessageAsync()
   {
        var commandMessage = new
         Message(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("Cloud to device message."));
        await serviceClient.SendAsync(targetDevice, commandMessage);
   }

8. Finally, add the following lines to the Main method.

   Console.WriteLine("Send Cloud-to-Device message\n");
   serviceClient = ServiceClient.CreateFromConnectionString(connectionString);
   
   Console.WriteLine("Press any key to send a C2D message.");
   Console.ReadLine();
   SendCloudToDeviceMessageAsync().Wait();
   Console.ReadLine();

9. In Solutions Explorer, right-click your solution, and select Set StartUp Projects.

10. In Common Properties > Startup Project, select Multiple startup projects, then select the Start action for SimulatedDevice and SendCloudToDevice. Select OK to save your changes.

11. Press F5. Both applications should start. Select the SendCloudToDevice window, and press Enter. You should see the message being received by the device app.

    

Receive delivery feedback

It is possible to request delivery (or expiration) acknowledgments from IoT Hub for each cloud-to-device message. This option enables the solution back end to easily inform retry or compensation logic. For more information about cloud-to-device feedback, see D2C and C2D Messaging with IoT Hub.

In this section, you modify the SendCloudToDevice app to request feedback, and receive it from the IoT hub.

1. In Visual Studio, in the SendCloudToDevice project, add the following method to the Program class.

   private async static void ReceiveFeedbackAsync()
   {
        var feedbackReceiver = serviceClient.GetFeedbackReceiver();
   
        Console.WriteLine("\nReceiving c2d feedback from service");
        while (true)
        {
            var feedbackBatch = await feedbackReceiver.ReceiveAsync();
            if (feedbackBatch == null) continue;
   
            Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
            Console.WriteLine("Received feedback: {0}",
              string.Join(", ", feedbackBatch.Records.Select(f => f.StatusCode)));
            Console.ResetColor();
   
            await feedbackReceiver.CompleteAsync(feedbackBatch);
        }
    }

   Note this receive pattern is the same one used to receive cloud-to-device messages from the device app.

2. Add the following line in the Main method, right after serviceClient = ServiceClient.CreateFromConnectionString(connectionString).

   ReceiveFeedbackAsync();

3. To request feedback for the delivery of your cloud-to-device message, you have to specify a property in the SendCloudToDeviceMessageAsync method. Add the following line, right after the var commandMessage = new Message(...); line.

   commandMessage.Ack = DeliveryAcknowledgement.Full;

4. Run the apps by pressing F5. You should see both applications start. Select the SendCloudToDevice window, and press Enter. You should see the message being received by the device app, and after a few seconds, the feedback message being received by your SendCloudToDevice application.

   

Note

For simplicity, this tutorial does not implement any retry policy. In production code, you should implement retry policies, such as exponential backoff, as suggested in Transient fault handling.

Next steps

In this how-to, you learned how to send and receive cloud-to-device messages.

To learn more about developing solutions with IoT Hub, see the IoT Hub developer guide.