Auto merge of #43076 - Zoxc:gen, r=arielb1

Generator support

This adds experimental support for generators intended to land once rust-lang/rfcs#2033 is approved.

This is not yet ready to be merged. Things to do:
- [x] Make closure arguments on generators an error
- [x] Spot FIXMEs
- [x] Pass make tidy
- [x] Write tests
- [x] Document the current syntax and semantics for generators somewhere
- [x] Use proper error message numbers
- [x] ~~Make the implicit argument type default to `()`~~

Author: bors

src/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# `generators`
+
+The tracking issue for this feature is: [#43122]
+
+[#34511]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/43122
+
+------------------------
+
+The `generators` feature gate in Rust allows you to define generator or
+coroutine literals. A generator is a "resumable function" that syntactically
+resembles a closure but compiles to much different semantics in the compiler
+itself. The primary feature of a generator is that it can be suspended during
+execution to be resumed at a later date. Generators use the `yield` keyword to
+"return", and then the caller can `resume` a generator to resume execution just
+after the `yield` keyword.
+
+Generators are an extra-unstable feature in the compiler right now. Added in
+[RFC 2033] they're mostly intended right now as a information/constraint
+gathering phase. The intent is that experimentation can happen on the nightly
+compiler before actual stabilization. A further RFC will be required to
+stabilize generators/coroutines and will likely contain at least a few small
+tweaks to the overall design.
+
+[RFC 2033]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2033
+
+A syntactical example of a generator is:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(generators, generator_trait)]
+
+use std::ops::{Generator, GeneratorState};
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut generator = || {
+        yield 1;
+        return "foo"
+    };
+
+    match generator.resume() {
+        GeneratorState::Yielded(1) => {}
+        _ => panic!("unexpected value from resume"),
+    }
+    match generator.resume() {
+        GeneratorState::Complete("foo") => {}
+        _ => panic!("unexpected value from resume"),
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Generators are closure-like literals which can contain a `yield` statement. The
+`yield` statement takes an optional expression of a value to yield out of the
+generator. All generator literals implement the `Generator` trait in the
+`std::ops` module. The `Generator` trait has one main method, `resume`, which
+resumes execution of the generator at the previous suspension point.
+
+An example of the control flow of generators is that the following example
+prints all numbers in order:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(generators, generator_trait)]
+
+use std::ops::Generator;
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut generator = || {
+        println!("2");
+        yield;
+        println!("4");
+    };
+
+    println!("1");
+    generator.resume();
+    println!("3");
+    generator.resume();
+    println!("5");
+}
+```
+
+At this time the main intended use case of generators is an implementation
+primitive for async/await syntax, but generators will likely be extended to
+ergonomic implementations of iterators and other primitives in the future.
+Feedback on the design and usage is always appreciated!
+
+### The `Generator` trait
+
+The `Generator` trait in `std::ops` currently looks like:
+
+```
+# #![feature(generator_trait)]
+# use std::ops::GeneratorState;
+
+pub trait Generator {
+    type Yield;
+    type Return;
+    fn resume(&mut self) -> GeneratorState<Self::Yield, Self::Return>;
+}
+```
+
+The `Generator::Yield` type is the type of values that can be yielded with the
+`yield` statement. The `Generator::Return` type is the returned type of the
+generator. This is typically the last expression in a generator's definition or
+any value passed to `return` in a generator. The `resume` function is the entry
+point for executing the `Generator` itself.
+
+The return value of `resume`, `GeneratorState`, looks like:
+
+```
+pub enum GeneratorState<Y, R> {
+    Yielded(Y),
+    Complete(R),
+}
+```
+
+The `Yielded` variant indicates that the generator can later be resumed. This
+corresponds to a `yield` point in a generator. The `Complete` variant indicates
+that the generator is complete and cannot be resumed again. Calling `resume`
+after a generator has returned `Complete` will likely result in a panic of the
+program.
+
+### Closure-like semantics
+
+The closure-like syntax for generators alludes to the fact that they also have
+closure-like semantics. Namely:
+
+* When created, a generator executes no code. A closure literal does not
+  actually execute any of the closure's code on construction, and similarly a
+  generator literal does not execute any code inside the generator when
+  constructed.
+
+* Generators can capture outer variables by reference or by move, and this can
+  be tweaked with the `move` keyword at the beginning of the closure. Like
+  closures all generators will have an implicit environment which is inferred by
+  the compiler. Outer variables can be moved into a generator for use as the
+  generator progresses.
+
+* Generator literals produce a value with a unique type which implements the
+  `std::ops::Generator` trait. This allows actual execution of the generator
+  through the `Generator::resume` method as well as also naming it in return
+  types and such.
+
+* Traits like `Send` and `Sync` are automatically implemented for a `Generator`
+  depending on the captured variables of the environment. Unlike closures though
+  generators also depend on variables live across suspension points. This means
+  that although the ambient environment may be `Send` or `Sync`, the generator
+  itself may not be due to internal variables live across `yield` points being
+  not-`Send` or not-`Sync`. Note, though, that generators, like closures, do
+  not implement traits like `Copy` or `Clone` automatically.
+
+* Whenever a generator is dropped it will drop all captured environment
+  variables.
+
+Note that unlike closures generators at this time cannot take any arguments.
+That is, generators must always look like `|| { ... }`. This restriction may be
+lifted at a future date, the design is ongoing!
+
+### Generators as state machines
+
+In the compiler generators are currently compiled as state machines. Each
+`yield` expression will correspond to a different state that stores all live
+variables over that suspension point. Resumption of a generator will dispatch on
+the current state and then execute internally until a `yield` is reached, at
+which point all state is saved off in the generator and a value is returned.
+
+Let's take a look at an example to see what's going on here:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(generators, generator_trait)]
+
+use std::ops::Generator;
+
+fn main() {
+    let ret = "foo";
+    let mut generator = move || {
+        yield 1;
+        return ret
+    };
+
+    generator.resume();
+    generator.resume();
+}
+```
+
+This generator literal will compile down to something similar to:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(generators, generator_trait)]
+
+use std::ops::{Generator, GeneratorState};
+
+fn main() {
+    let ret = "foo";
+    let mut generator = {
+        enum __Generator {
+            Start(&'static str),
+            Yield1(&'static str),
+            Done,
+        }
+
+        impl Generator for __Generator {
+            type Yield = i32;
+            type Return = &'static str;
+
+            fn resume(&mut self) -> GeneratorState<i32, &'static str> {
+                use std::mem;
+                match mem::replace(self, __Generator::Done) {
+                    __Generator::Start(s) => {
+                        *self = __Generator::Yield1(s);
+                        GeneratorState::Yielded(1)
+                    }
+
+                    __Generator::Yield1(s) => {
+                        *self = __Generator::Done;
+                        GeneratorState::Complete(s)
+                    }
+
+                    __Generator::Done => {
+                        panic!("generator resumed after completion")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        __Generator::Start(ret)
+    };
+
+    generator.resume();
+    generator.resume();
+}
+```
+
+Notably here we can see that the compiler is generating a fresh type,
+`__Generator` in this case. This type has a number of states (represented here
+as an `enum`) corresponding to each of the conceptual states of the generator.
+At the beginning we're closing over our outer variable `foo` and then that
+variable is also live over the `yield` point, so it's stored in both states.
+
+When the generator starts it'll immediately yield 1, but it saves off its state
+just before it does so indicating that it has reached the yield point. Upon
+resuming again we'll execute the `return ret` which returns the `Complete`
+state.
+
+Here we can also note that the `Done` state, if resumed, panics immediately as
+it's invalid to resume a completed generator. It's also worth noting that this
+is just a rough desugaring, not a normative specification for what the compiler
+does.