Implement ASR pass that checks every signed and unsigned integer arithmetic and casts

[certik]

This pass will only be run in Debug mode, but not in Release mode. The pass replaces IntegerBinOp with a function call to ASR functions (that the pass generates) such as add_checked(u32, u32) -> u32 which internally checks that the operation fits into u32, otherwise gives a runtime error.

[Shaikh-Ubaid]

Related #2176 (comment).