goidiomatic

go_idiomatic

go_idiomatic provides a Starlark module that defines Go idiomatic functions and values.

Functions

length(obj) int

Returns the length of the object, for string it returns the number of Unicode code points, instead of bytes like len().

Examples

String

Calculate the length of a CJK string.

load("go_idiomatic", "length")
s = "你好"
print(length(s), len(s))
# Output: 2 6

Misc

Calculate the length of a list, set and map.

load("go_idiomatic", "length")
print(length([1, 2, 3]), length(set([1, 2])), length({1: 2}))
# Output: 3 2 1

sum(iterable, start=0)

Returns the sum of start and the items of an iterable from left to right. The iterable's items and the start value are normally numbers.

Examples

Basic

Calculate the sum of a list.

load("go_idiomatic", "sum")
print(sum([1, 2, 3]))
# Output: 6

Start

Calculate the sum of a list with a start value.

load("go_idiomatic", "sum")
print(sum([1, 2, 3], 10))
# Output: 16

distinct(iterable)

Returns an iterable with distinct elements from the given iterable, i.e., without duplicates. For a list and custom types, it returns a new list with distinct elements. For a tuple, it returns a new tuple with distinct elements. For a dict, it returns the keys in a list. For a set, it just returns the original set.

Parameters

name	type	description
iterable	iterable	The iterable to process for distinct elements.

Examples

List

Get distinct elements from a list.

load("go_idiomatic", "distinct")
print(distinct([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]))
# Output: [1, 2, 3]

Tuple

Get distinct elements from a tuple.

load("go_idiomatic", "distinct")
print(distinct((1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)))
# Output: (1, 2, 3)

Dict

Get distinct keys from a dictionary.

load("go_idiomatic", "distinct")
print(distinct({1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}))
# Output: [1, 2, 3]

Set

Return original set (already distinct).

load("go_idiomatic", "distinct")
print(distinct(set([1, 2, 3, 3])))
# Output: {1, 2, 3}

hex(x)

Convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with 0x.

Examples

Basic

Convert an integer to a hexadecimal string.

load("go_idiomatic", "hex")
print(hex(255))
# Output: 0xff

Negative

Convert a negative integer to a hexadecimal string.

load("go_idiomatic", "hex")
print(hex(-42))
# Output: -0x2a

oct(x)

Convert an integer number to an octal string prefixed with 0o.

Examples

Basic

Convert an integer to an octal string.

load("go_idiomatic", "oct")
print(oct(255))
# Output: 0o377

Negative

Convert a negative integer to an octal string.

load("go_idiomatic", "oct")
print(oct(-56))
# Output: -0o70

bin(x)

Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with 0b.

Examples

Basic

Convert an integer to a binary string.

load("go_idiomatic", "bin")
print(bin(255))
# Output: 0b11111111

Negative

Convert a negative integer to a binary string.

load("go_idiomatic", "bin")
print(bin(-10))
# Output: -0b1010

bytes_hex(bytes,sep="",bytes_per_sep=1)

Return a string containing two hexadecimal digits for each byte in the instance. If you want to make the hex string easier to read, you can specify a single character separator sep parameter to include in the output. By default, this separator will be included between each byte. A second optional bytes_per_sep parameter controls the spacing. Positive values calculate the separator position from the right, negative values from the left.

Parameters

name	type	description
bytes	bytes	The bytes to convert.
sep	string	The separator to use.
bytes_per_sep	int	The number of bytes per separator.

Examples

Basic

Convert bytes to a hexadecimal string.

load("go_idiomatic", "bytes_hex")
print(bytes_hex(b"hello"))
# Output: 68656c6c6f

Separator

Convert bytes to a hexadecimal string with a separator.

load("go_idiomatic", "bytes_hex")
print(bytes_hex(b"hello", sep=":"))
# Output: 68:65:6c:6c:6f

Bytes per separator

Convert bytes to a hexadecimal string with a separator and bytes per separator.

load("go_idiomatic", "bytes_hex")
print(bytes_hex(b"hello", sep=":", bytes_per_sep=2))
# Output: 68:656c:6c6f

sleep(secs)

Sleeps for the given number of seconds.

Examples

Basic

Sleep for 1 second.

load("go_idiomatic", "sleep")
sleep(1)

exit(code=0)

Exits the program with the given exit code.

Examples

Default

Exit with default code (0).

load("go_idiomatic", "exit")
exit()

Non-zero

Exit with code 1.

load("go_idiomatic", "exit")
exit(1)

quit(code=0)

Alias for exit().

Examples

Default

Exit with default code (0).

load("go_idiomatic", "quit")
quit()

Non-zero

Exit with code 1.

load("go_idiomatic", "quit")
quit(1)

module(name, **kv)

Returns the module with the given name and keyword arguments. The main difference between the module and the struct is that the string representation of the module does not enumerate its fields. The module can't be compared with == and !=, but the struct can.

Parameters

name	type	description
name	string	The name of the module to return.
kv	**kwargs	Key-value pairs to provide attributes.

Examples

Basic

Get the os module with pid attribute.

load("go_idiomatic", "module")
os = module("os", pid=1)
print(os)
# Output: <module "os">

struct(**kv)

Returns a new struct with the given keyword arguments.

Parameters

name	type	description
kv	**kwargs	Key-value pairs to provide attributes.

Examples

Basic

Create a struct with name and age attributes.

load("go_idiomatic", "struct")
person = struct(name="Alice", age=30)
print(person)
# Output: struct(age = 30, name = "Alice")

make_struct(name, **kv)

Returns a new struct with the given name as constructor and keyword arguments. Comparing two structs with == and != will compare their constructors first and then their fields.

Parameters

name	type	description
name	string	The name to use as constructor.
kv	**kwargs	Key-value pairs to provide attributes.

Examples

Basic

Create a struct with name and age attributes.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_struct")
person = make_struct("Person", name="Alice", age=30)
print(person)
# Output: Person(age = 30, name = "Alice")

shared_dict()

Creates a new instance of a thread-safe, mutable shared dictionary. This allows for concurrent access and modification by multiple Starlark threads, ensuring data consistency and preventing race conditions. The function initializes a SharedDict with default settings.

Examples

Basic

Create a new shared dictionary.

load("go_idiomatic", "shared_dict")
sd = shared_dict()
print(sd)
# Output: shared_dict({})

make_shared_dict(name="", data=None)

Creates a customized shared dictionary with an optional name and initial data. The name parameter allows for more descriptive representations and debugging, while the data parameter lets you initialize the shared dictionary with pre-existing key-value pairs.

Parameters

name	type	description
name	string	An optional name for the shared dictionary. Defaults to an empty string, which results in the default name "shared_dict".
data	dict	An optional Starlark dictionary to initialize the shared dictionary with. Defaults to None, which results in an empty shared dictionary.

Examples

Named Shared Dict

Create a named shared dictionary without initial data.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
sd = make_shared_dict(name="my_dict")
print(sd)
# Output: my_dict({})

Named Shared Dict with Data

Create a named shared dictionary with initial data.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
initial_data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
sd = make_shared_dict(name="custom_dict", data=initial_data)
print(sd)
# Output: custom_dict({"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"})

to_dict(v)

Converts various Starlark values into a Starlark dictionary. Works with native Starlark dict, module, struct, and GoStruct, SharedDict. For GoStruct, it serializes the underlying Go struct to JSON and then deserializes it to a Starlark dict.

Parameters

name	type	description
v	any	The value to be converted into a dictionary.

Examples

Module to Dict

Convert a Starlark module to a dict.

load("go_idiomatic", "to_dict")
m = module("example", a=1, b=2)
print(to_dict(m))
# Output: {"a": 1, "b": 2}

Struct to Dict

Convert a custom Starlark struct to a dict.

load("go_idiomatic", "to_dict")
person = struct(name="Alice", age=30)
print(to_dict(person))
# Output: {"age": 30, "name": "Alice"}

GoStruct to Dict

Convert a GoStruct to a dict.

load("go_idiomatic", "to_dict")
gs.Name = "Bob"
gs.Age = 25
print(to_dict(gs))
# Output: {"age": 25, "name": "Bob"}

SharedDict to Dict

Convert a SharedDict to a dict.

load("go_idiomatic", "shared_dict", "to_dict")
sd = shared_dict()
sd["key"] = "value"
print(to_dict(sd))
# Output: {"key": "value"}

Dict to Dict

Clone an existing Starlark dict.

load("go_idiomatic", "to_dict")
original_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
cloned_dict = to_dict(original_dict)
print(cloned_dict)
# Output: {"a": 1, "b": 2}

eprint(*args, sep=" ")

Works like the standard print() function but prints the given arguments to stderr instead of Print handler defined in Go. This is useful for logging errors or important warnings that should be separated from standard output.

Parameters

name	type	description
args	*args	The values to be printed.
sep	string	An optional separator between values. Defaults to a single space (" ").

Examples

Basic

Print an error message to stderr.

load("go_idiomatic", "eprint")
eprint("Error:", "An unexpected error occurred")

Custom Separator

Print multiple values to stderr with a custom separator.

load("go_idiomatic", "eprint")
eprint("Path", "/home/user/docs", sep=" -> ")
# Output: Path -> /home/user/docs

pprint(*args, sep=" ")

Works like the standard print() function but formats the given arguments in pretty JSON format with indentation. If an argument cannot be converted to JSON, it falls back to converting the value to a string. This is particularly useful for printing complex data structures in a human-readable format.

Parameters

name	type	description
args	*args	The values to be printed. These can be any Starlark values, including lists, dictionaries, and custom structs.
sep	string	An optional separator between values. Defaults to a single space (" ").

Examples

Basic

Pretty print a dictionary.

load("go_idiomatic", "pprint")
pprint({"key": "value", "list": [1, 2, 3]})
# Output: {
#     "key": "value",
#     "list": [
#         1,
#         2,
#         3
#     ]
# }

Multiple Values

Pretty print multiple values with a custom separator.

load("go_idiomatic", "pprint")
pprint({"key1": "value1"}, {"key2": "value2"}, sep="\n---\n")
# Output: {
#     "key1": "value1"
# }
# ---
# {
#     "key2": "value2"
# }

Types

nil

Value as an alias for None.

true

Value as an alias for True.

false

Value as an alias for False.

SharedDict

A thread-safe, mutable dictionary that can be concurrently accessed and modified by multiple Starlark threads. It ensures data consistency and prevents race conditions in concurrent environments.

Methods

len()

Returns the number of items in the shared dictionary.

Examples

Basic

Get the length of a shared dictionary.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
sd = make_shared_dict()
sd["key1"] = "value1"
print(sd.len())
# Output: 1

perform(fn)

Calls the given function with the shared dictionary as its argument. The function must be callable.

Parameters

name	type	description
fn	callable	The function to be called with the shared dictionary, and accepts the shared dictionary as its only argument.

Examples

Basic

Perform a custom operation on the shared dictionary.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
sd = make_shared_dict()
def my_operation(d): d["cnt"] = d.get("cnt", 0) + 1
sd.perform(my_operation)
print(sd)
# Output: shared_dict({"new_key": "new_value"})

to_dict()

Returns a shadow-clone of the shared dictionary. Modifications to the clone do not affect the original shared dictionary.

Examples

Clone and Modify

Clone a shared dictionary and add new data to the clone.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
sd = make_shared_dict()
sd_clone = sd.to_dict()
sd_clone["clone_key"] = "clone_value"
print(sd)
print(sd_clone)
# Output: shared_dict({})
#         {"clone_key": "clone_value"}

to_json()

Serializes the shared dictionary to a JSON string.

Examples

Serialize

Convert a shared dictionary to a JSON string.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
sd = make_shared_dict(data={"key": "value"})
json_str = sd.to_json()
print(json_str)
# Output: {"key": "value"}

from_json(json_str)

Deserializes a JSON string into the shared dictionary, updating it with the key-value pairs decoded from the string.

Parameters

name	type	description
json_str	string	The JSON string to deserialize and merge into the shared dictionary.

Examples

Deserialize

Update a shared dictionary with data from a JSON string.

load("go_idiomatic", "make_shared_dict")
sd = make_shared_dict()
sd.from_json('{"new_key": "new_value"}')
print(sd)
# Output: shared_dict({"new_key": "new_value"})